Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranSociological Review1010-280931220250319Ethnography of Social Transition: Victor Turner and The Procedure of Reintegration and SchismEthnography of Social Transition: Victor Turner and The Procedure of Reintegration and Schism73110168810.22059/jsr.2025.381760.1998FAYusefSarafrazDepartment of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranMehrdadArabestaniDepartment of Anthropology, University of TehranJournal Article20190524Victor Turner is a prominent figure in the British school of anthropology, yet his work represents a departure from British structural functionalism. Moving beyond the dominant paradigms of British anthropology, he engaged with transatlantic approaches that emphasized cultural dimensions over purely social ones. Through a dynamic interplay between field experience and theory, Turner developed a theoretical model that integrated elements from both British and American anthropology while remaining distinct from either. From this perspective, his work can be interpreted as embodying a "liminal" position or "transition," a concept central to his thought. His focus on social breaches and the processes through which these breaches lead to either reintegration or schism forms the core of his theory of social drama, which is rooted in ritual analysis as a mechanism of change. This article explores the origins, historical context, and evolution of Turner’s ethnographic methods, highlighting the interaction between fieldwork and theory in shaping his ideas. It also examines how this interplay enhances our understanding of breaches and transformations in societies undergoing crises.Victor Turner is a prominent figure in the British school of anthropology, yet his work represents a departure from British structural functionalism. Moving beyond the dominant paradigms of British anthropology, he engaged with transatlantic approaches that emphasized cultural dimensions over purely social ones. Through a dynamic interplay between field experience and theory, Turner developed a theoretical model that integrated elements from both British and American anthropology while remaining distinct from either. From this perspective, his work can be interpreted as embodying a "liminal" position or "transition," a concept central to his thought. His focus on social breaches and the processes through which these breaches lead to either reintegration or schism forms the core of his theory of social drama, which is rooted in ritual analysis as a mechanism of change. This article explores the origins, historical context, and evolution of Turner’s ethnographic methods, highlighting the interaction between fieldwork and theory in shaping his ideas. It also examines how this interplay enhances our understanding of breaches and transformations in societies undergoing crises.https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_101688_34b984d2b398311c6cfcd5d1553a33c3.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranSociological Review1010-280931220250319The emergence of backwardness discourse in iranThe emergence of backwardness discourse in iran335710168510.22059/jsr.2024.362524.1883FARezaParsamoghadamFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranQasemZaeriMember of Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal Article20230718we have hypothesized how the discourse of backwardness emerged as the core of the system of power-knowledge in Iran through the connection of concepts, issues and strategies. Adamit, as the main agent and bearer of the "discourse of backwardness", with the unique and random access that he had in the 1340s and 1350s. He finds in the letters, writings and works of Iranian romantic nationalists (Akhundzadeh and Mirza AKermani) and by emphasizing, using and empathetically referring to the works and paradoxical and dual expression of these two pre-conditional advanced enlighteners, which includes a mixture of ideological texts. Dasatiri of Azar Kivanian (contemporary of the Safavids) and the teachings resulting from it, which turned into an eclectic ideology, focusing on "ancient Iran", "anti-Arabism" [read anti-Islamism], "Persian writing" and "superiority of Nejadi', specifically "Aryan race", created a new discourse by disrupting the previously established discourse order in the Iranian historiography tradition, and through these discourses, the fat concept of backwardness finds a specific and coherent style of expression, its concepts and subjects are determined, the system of The knowledge and order of speech is formed around it and events are understood through it.a new order and a new regime of truth were built. Until the historiography of mankind, such a discourse structure and order had not appeared. In this discourse formulation, "pre-Islamic" Iran is considered to be the symbol and indicator of the era of "power and greatness" and "Islamic period" represents the "weakness and chaos" of Iran.we have hypothesized how the discourse of backwardness emerged as the core of the system of power-knowledge in Iran through the connection of concepts, issues and strategies. Adamit, as the main agent and bearer of the "discourse of backwardness", with the unique and random access that he had in the 1340s and 1350s. He finds in the letters, writings and works of Iranian romantic nationalists (Akhundzadeh and Mirza AKermani) and by emphasizing, using and empathetically referring to the works and paradoxical and dual expression of these two pre-conditional advanced enlighteners, which includes a mixture of ideological texts. Dasatiri of Azar Kivanian (contemporary of the Safavids) and the teachings resulting from it, which turned into an eclectic ideology, focusing on "ancient Iran", "anti-Arabism" [read anti-Islamism], "Persian writing" and "superiority of Nejadi', specifically "Aryan race", created a new discourse by disrupting the previously established discourse order in the Iranian historiography tradition, and through these discourses, the fat concept of backwardness finds a specific and coherent style of expression, its concepts and subjects are determined, the system of The knowledge and order of speech is formed around it and events are understood through it.a new order and a new regime of truth were built. Until the historiography of mankind, such a discourse structure and order had not appeared. In this discourse formulation, "pre-Islamic" Iran is considered to be the symbol and indicator of the era of "power and greatness" and "Islamic period" represents the "weakness and chaos" of Iran.https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_101685_5828fa25ffb40603a2f84b140d347e68.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranSociological Review1010-280931220250319The Council Left vs. the Radical Left:The Identity Challenge in the Student Left Movement of Iran of the 2001sThe Council Left vs. the Radical Left:The Identity Challenge in the Student Left Movement of Iran of the 2001s597410168110.22059/jsr.2025.313489.1584FAAlirezaMoradiDepartment of cultural studies Institute for social and cultural studiesJournal Article20201111This study examines the identity challenges of the student leftist movement in Iran during the 2000s. The primary focus is on how this movement shaped its identity in response to the legacy of Iran's leftist traditions and its approach to leftist political organizations abroad—the research aimed to explore the dimensions and challenges of this movement's identity. Conducted using a qualitative approach, the study collected data through a combination of oral history (interviews with key informants) and document analysis. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze data related to identity formation, generational conflicts, and external interactions.<br />The findings revealed that generational transitions, migration, and political restrictions led to weak connections between the student leftists of the 2000s and earlier generations of Iranian leftists. The students criticized the previous generation for conservatism and inefficacy while striving to construct and represent an independent and modern identity. Additionally, students were divided into the 'Shurayi' (councils) and 'Radical' factions, and they differed regarding their approaches to public activism and identification; the former prioritized cultural identity production, while the latter advocated party activity. Not all students supported partisan activities, yet some within the Radical faction established connections with abroad leftist organizations, which imposed significant costs on student activists and fostered mistrust among them. Using Mannheim's concept of utopia, this study analyzed the processes of identity formation within the student leftist movement.This study examines the identity challenges of the student leftist movement in Iran during the 2000s. The primary focus is on how this movement shaped its identity in response to the legacy of Iran's leftist traditions and its approach to leftist political organizations abroad—the research aimed to explore the dimensions and challenges of this movement's identity. Conducted using a qualitative approach, the study collected data through a combination of oral history (interviews with key informants) and document analysis. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze data related to identity formation, generational conflicts, and external interactions.<br />The findings revealed that generational transitions, migration, and political restrictions led to weak connections between the student leftists of the 2000s and earlier generations of Iranian leftists. The students criticized the previous generation for conservatism and inefficacy while striving to construct and represent an independent and modern identity. Additionally, students were divided into the 'Shurayi' (councils) and 'Radical' factions, and they differed regarding their approaches to public activism and identification; the former prioritized cultural identity production, while the latter advocated party activity. Not all students supported partisan activities, yet some within the Radical faction established connections with abroad leftist organizations, which imposed significant costs on student activists and fostered mistrust among them. Using Mannheim's concept of utopia, this study analyzed the processes of identity formation within the student leftist movement.https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_101681_94dacd37729c6c6328243e3b347e723a.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranSociological Review1010-280931220250319distortion concerning economicdistortion concerning economic759010168710.22059/jsr.2025.371037.1940FAَAlirezaDehghan NiriDept of Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranSardarValadiPhD Student Department of Social Communication, Faculty of Social Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20240113The authors of this paper attempt to answer this research question: how ideological priorities dominated in the Iranian media, using framing economic news, result in cultural distortion. To theoretical review, we have used a combination of Eaglton’s concept concerning Ideology. and Entman’s framing definition. To answer the research question, we have done a qualitative content analysis. The data needed for this analysis gathered from the mentioned news agencies from first day of Ordibehesht 1402 to 25th of Khordad. In research findings we have suggested four main themes including positive events in the area of internal economy, positive events in the area of International relations benefiting Iran, negative events in the area of internal economy, and negative events in economy of foreign countries. Based on our research findings, we can say, the dominated ideological concerns in Iran, applying economic news framing facilitate and ease cultural distortion. We conclude, economic news in the ISNA and Fars news agencies, are framed in a way that influence and sway the audience perception and opinion. Furthermore, the prevailing ideology, with the help of news selection, manage and sort and pick out only those set of news that support their own ideological views, putting aside or ignoring those items of information that contradict or challenge the prevailing views and interpretations.The authors of this paper attempt to answer this research question: how ideological priorities dominated in the Iranian media, using framing economic news, result in cultural distortion. To theoretical review, we have used a combination of Eaglton’s concept concerning Ideology. and Entman’s framing definition. To answer the research question, we have done a qualitative content analysis. The data needed for this analysis gathered from the mentioned news agencies from first day of Ordibehesht 1402 to 25th of Khordad. In research findings we have suggested four main themes including positive events in the area of internal economy, positive events in the area of International relations benefiting Iran, negative events in the area of internal economy, and negative events in economy of foreign countries. Based on our research findings, we can say, the dominated ideological concerns in Iran, applying economic news framing facilitate and ease cultural distortion. We conclude, economic news in the ISNA and Fars news agencies, are framed in a way that influence and sway the audience perception and opinion. Furthermore, the prevailing ideology, with the help of news selection, manage and sort and pick out only those set of news that support their own ideological views, putting aside or ignoring those items of information that contradict or challenge the prevailing views and interpretations.https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_101687_90a8622c5b768e7df04e423ab14ff6d4.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranSociological Review1010-280931220250319the contingent logic of a concept: hegemony as a articulationthe contingent logic of a concept: hegemony as a articulation9111210168610.22059/jsr.2025.366511.1910FAMohammadMirzaeiPhD student in Cultural Sociology. Iran.HamidEbadollahi-ChanzanaghSocial Sciences Department, Faculty of Literature & Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.Journal Article20231018Laclau and Mouffe's approach can be considered as a theoretical , political and antagonistic battle.this approach gives to prominanace the contingent formulation of hegemoy for removing Marxism from the streaks of uncompromising Stalinist logic which showes its Jacobin imagination. The emergence of hegemony conjoined to the continjental transfer of the mission of the bourgeoisie to the proletariat in the Marxist discourse from the Second International onwards. This event was the beginning of the manifestation of the logic of contingence and a multifaceted effort in rejecting the logic of historical necessity that formed the crisis of Marxism and the incompatibility of new developments to it. Antonio Gramsci, as a decisive and original moment in the rejection of the chain of historical necessity, because of his essentialist approach to the hegemonic class and his important for infrastructure was incapable of formulating a new political logic of hegemony., Laclau and Mouffe, pursuit of this goal, while setting aside the essentialist element of Gramsci's approach and with the help of Althusser's and Lacan's theoretical apparatuses in proposing concepts such as the impossibility of the social, articulation and antagonism, establish hegemony in an all contingent realm.How to formulate the complete logic of hegemonic through the decisive negation of the chain of historical necessity and the absolute approval of the contingent logic, that is, the embodiment of the idea of "hegemony as an articulation" in the approach of Lacla and Mouffe, construct the center of this paper.Laclau and Mouffe's approach can be considered as a theoretical , political and antagonistic battle.this approach gives to prominanace the contingent formulation of hegemoy for removing Marxism from the streaks of uncompromising Stalinist logic which showes its Jacobin imagination. The emergence of hegemony conjoined to the continjental transfer of the mission of the bourgeoisie to the proletariat in the Marxist discourse from the Second International onwards. This event was the beginning of the manifestation of the logic of contingence and a multifaceted effort in rejecting the logic of historical necessity that formed the crisis of Marxism and the incompatibility of new developments to it. Antonio Gramsci, as a decisive and original moment in the rejection of the chain of historical necessity, because of his essentialist approach to the hegemonic class and his important for infrastructure was incapable of formulating a new political logic of hegemony., Laclau and Mouffe, pursuit of this goal, while setting aside the essentialist element of Gramsci's approach and with the help of Althusser's and Lacan's theoretical apparatuses in proposing concepts such as the impossibility of the social, articulation and antagonism, establish hegemony in an all contingent realm.How to formulate the complete logic of hegemonic through the decisive negation of the chain of historical necessity and the absolute approval of the contingent logic, that is, the embodiment of the idea of "hegemony as an articulation" in the approach of Lacla and Mouffe, construct the center of this paper.https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_101686_5a1934f806b75ec6b781cd7ca9b1ddbb.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranSociological Review1010-280931220250319Sociological study of factors affecting the state of hope for the future
(Case study: Suburbs of Ahvaz metropolis)Sociological study of factors affecting the state of hope for the future
(Case study: Suburbs of Ahvaz metropolis)11314210168210.22059/jsr.2024.321496.1634FAMasoumehBagheriDepartment of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Ahvaz Iran.HidaTavafiDepartment of Social Science Education, Farhangian University, PO Box 889-14665, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-2662-456XJournal Article20210405Hope for the future is a psychological desire that strives to achieve the goals and ideals that are accessible to all, and provides them with dependence on independence, moving towards the future and strengthening social and individual identity. The aim of this study was to determine the level of hope for the future and the factors affecting it among the suburbs of Ahvaz. The article was conducted by survey method using a questionnaire and interview technique. The statistical population includes marginalized people (both men and women) living in the city of Ahvaz in 1398. The sample size was selected using Cochran's formula equal to 384 and the samples were selected by simple multi-stage cluster sampling. Descriptive results show that marginalized people at a low to moderate level (35.7%) have hope for the future. The results of correlation test show that all independent variables (social welfare, life satisfaction, relative deprivation and spiritual well-being) have a significant relationship with hope for the future. Regression results indicate that among the independent variables, the social welfare variable with a beta value of 46 / 0 and the spiritual well-being variable with a beta value of 0.31 had the largest share in explaining the dependent variable of hope for the future. Also, the prediction equation of the amount of hope for the future can explain 34.5% of the variance of the dependent variable of the future.Hope for the future is a psychological desire that strives to achieve the goals and ideals that are accessible to all, and provides them with dependence on independence, moving towards the future and strengthening social and individual identity. The aim of this study was to determine the level of hope for the future and the factors affecting it among the suburbs of Ahvaz. The article was conducted by survey method using a questionnaire and interview technique. The statistical population includes marginalized people (both men and women) living in the city of Ahvaz in 1398. The sample size was selected using Cochran's formula equal to 384 and the samples were selected by simple multi-stage cluster sampling. Descriptive results show that marginalized people at a low to moderate level (35.7%) have hope for the future. The results of correlation test show that all independent variables (social welfare, life satisfaction, relative deprivation and spiritual well-being) have a significant relationship with hope for the future. Regression results indicate that among the independent variables, the social welfare variable with a beta value of 46 / 0 and the spiritual well-being variable with a beta value of 0.31 had the largest share in explaining the dependent variable of hope for the future. Also, the prediction equation of the amount of hope for the future can explain 34.5% of the variance of the dependent variable of the future.https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_101682_b8498df311461e0d75935abdab18ab9c.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranSociological Review1010-280931220250319Analysis of unmarried life among girls(A case study of girls in Tehran)Analysis of unmarried life among girls(A case study of girls in Tehran)14316510168410.22059/jsr.2024.352088.1825FAMoradBaradaranFaculty member of Payam Noor University.Tehran, Iran.AlimohammadJavadiUniversity of Payam-e-noorFatemehMirjafariUniversity of Payam-e-noorNasrinHosseinpourMaster of Social Sciences and Head of the Evaluation and Effectiveness of Support and Rehabilitation Policies Group at the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social WelfareHamedShiriFaculty member, Payam Noor University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20221205The purpose of this research is to identify the causes and contexts of Unmarried life, which has been done with the qualitative method and the use of grounded theory. For this reason, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 15 unmarried girls who were selected through purposive sampling. From 561 open codes and 71 central codes, 16 main categories with the central core of "Unmarried life to construction a different femininity" were obtained during the data coding process, which can be expressed in the form of the paradigm model proposed by Strauss and Corbin. The findings show that, among the reasons that cause single life of girls; Restoration of social identity, structural transformations and change of values in modern societies, changes in the parameters affecting marriage and the riskiness of marriage. Also, 4 categories; Social and cultural changes of the family institution, elimination of inequality and gender discrimination, Women's acquisition of equal civil rights , and revision of the macro-economic and cultural structures of the society are among the foundations of girls' tendency towards single life. Among the intervening or facilitating factors surrounding the unmarried life of girls, there are 2 main categories; the spread of distrust in the society towards men and the change in the attitude of girls towards marriage in modern societies. Young girls use 3 categories as effective strategies in adapting to unmarried life, which include; The lifestyle and way of spending free time is to increase the ability and social mobility and carry out humanitarian activities.The purpose of this research is to identify the causes and contexts of Unmarried life, which has been done with the qualitative method and the use of grounded theory. For this reason, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 15 unmarried girls who were selected through purposive sampling. From 561 open codes and 71 central codes, 16 main categories with the central core of "Unmarried life to construction a different femininity" were obtained during the data coding process, which can be expressed in the form of the paradigm model proposed by Strauss and Corbin. The findings show that, among the reasons that cause single life of girls; Restoration of social identity, structural transformations and change of values in modern societies, changes in the parameters affecting marriage and the riskiness of marriage. Also, 4 categories; Social and cultural changes of the family institution, elimination of inequality and gender discrimination, Women's acquisition of equal civil rights , and revision of the macro-economic and cultural structures of the society are among the foundations of girls' tendency towards single life. Among the intervening or facilitating factors surrounding the unmarried life of girls, there are 2 main categories; the spread of distrust in the society towards men and the change in the attitude of girls towards marriage in modern societies. Young girls use 3 categories as effective strategies in adapting to unmarried life, which include; The lifestyle and way of spending free time is to increase the ability and social mobility and carry out humanitarian activities.https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_101684_15e10e4de99bc46496132681075e563a.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranSociological Review1010-280931220250219Benevolence and social polished; theoretical and empirical implicationsBenevolence and social polished; theoretical and empirical implications16718810306510.22059/jsr.2025.371927.1943FAGholamrezaGhaffaryDepartment of Sociology, University of TehranSaraMazinani ShariatiAssistant Professor of Department of Sociology,University of TehranJamshidMirzaeiPhD in Sociology (Social Problems)at Tehran University .Journal Article20240205Benevolence as the social is rooted in social relations and expresses the fact that people are concerned about the lives of their fellows. A deep concern that connects the social issue of benevolence and altruistic actions with general values such as justice and altruism, and their existence leads to social polished. In this research article, an attempt has been made to analyze the theoretical implications of goodness and its association with other universal social values in the eyes of important thinkers in this field; Then, on the basis of empirical data, a relatively comprehensive analysis of the state of benevolence of Iranians should be shown. Research method: a systematic review of a part of the opinions of social science experts on benevolence, as well as a secondary analysis of the data obtained from global and national surveys. The theoretical findings indicate the idea that the expansion of social good deepens the field of social interactions and helps to realize an orderly society based on interaction and mutual acceptance. The analysis of empirical data shows the existence of Iranians' desire for benevolence with ups and downs, but its decrease should not be ignored, and therefore there is a need for serious care and the adoption of smart policies in various social fields. According to the analyzed empirical data, on the one hand, it is a serious necessity to try to promote good things through the process of socialization, and on the other hand, to pay attention to universal altruism, which widensBenevolence as the social is rooted in social relations and expresses the fact that people are concerned about the lives of their fellows. A deep concern that connects the social issue of benevolence and altruistic actions with general values such as justice and altruism, and their existence leads to social polished. In this research article, an attempt has been made to analyze the theoretical implications of goodness and its association with other universal social values in the eyes of important thinkers in this field; Then, on the basis of empirical data, a relatively comprehensive analysis of the state of benevolence of Iranians should be shown. Research method: a systematic review of a part of the opinions of social science experts on benevolence, as well as a secondary analysis of the data obtained from global and national surveys. The theoretical findings indicate the idea that the expansion of social good deepens the field of social interactions and helps to realize an orderly society based on interaction and mutual acceptance. The analysis of empirical data shows the existence of Iranians' desire for benevolence with ups and downs, but its decrease should not be ignored, and therefore there is a need for serious care and the adoption of smart policies in various social fields. According to the analyzed empirical data, on the one hand, it is a serious necessity to try to promote good things through the process of socialization, and on the other hand, to pay attention to universal altruism, which widenshttps://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_103065_575b1dc961122076340a6ac575f60478.pdfFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranSociological Review1010-280931220250219A Study of Important determinants of Knowledge sharing among Graduate Students of Tabriz universityA Study of Important determinants of Knowledge sharing among Graduate Students of Tabriz university18920410258710.22059/jsr.2024.281991.1403FADavoodGhasemzadehDepartment of social science education,farhangiyan university,Tehran,IranMohammadBAGHERALIZADEH AGHDAMProfessor ofsociology, faculty of law and social sciences, university of Tabriz,IranMohammadAbbaszadehProfessor of Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, and director of the research department of urban and Rural Sociology, Faculty of law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz.Journal Article20190523Knowledge sharing is one of the main components of knowledge management that plays an important role in academic environments for producing and creating new knowledge. The purpose of the present research is to study the sociological study of the main determinants of knowledge sharing at Tabriz University. The method of this study is survey and the statistical population all graduate students of Tabriz University in academic year 2017-2018 is 5589 people. With using Cochran formula 650 students selected by classified sampling. Data collection tools are standard and researcher made questionnaire. Data analyzed with Spss and LESREL. <br />The findings of this research indicate that organizational culture, social trust, cultural collectivism, cyber ethics, religiosity, social intelligence and academic self-efficacy have a positive and significant relationship with knowledge sharing. The results of t and f tests show that knowledge sharing do not significant difference in terms of gender and social class, respectively among graduate students of Tabriz University. The results of regression analysis show that the variables of social trust, cultural collectivism, organizational culture and cyber ethics account for 30% of the changes related to knowledge sharing. According to the results of the path analysis the social trust with the total effect of the (0.39), cultural collectivization (0.33), academic self-efficacy (0.14), cyber ethics and organizational culture (0.13), there is a positive and significant effect on knowledge sharing. The results of this study indicate that knowledge sharing is influential from social and cultural variables and should be considered in policy making.Knowledge sharing is one of the main components of knowledge management that plays an important role in academic environments for producing and creating new knowledge. The purpose of the present research is to study the sociological study of the main determinants of knowledge sharing at Tabriz University. The method of this study is survey and the statistical population all graduate students of Tabriz University in academic year 2017-2018 is 5589 people. With using Cochran formula 650 students selected by classified sampling. Data collection tools are standard and researcher made questionnaire. Data analyzed with Spss and LESREL. <br />The findings of this research indicate that organizational culture, social trust, cultural collectivism, cyber ethics, religiosity, social intelligence and academic self-efficacy have a positive and significant relationship with knowledge sharing. The results of t and f tests show that knowledge sharing do not significant difference in terms of gender and social class, respectively among graduate students of Tabriz University. The results of regression analysis show that the variables of social trust, cultural collectivism, organizational culture and cyber ethics account for 30% of the changes related to knowledge sharing. According to the results of the path analysis the social trust with the total effect of the (0.39), cultural collectivization (0.33), academic self-efficacy (0.14), cyber ethics and organizational culture (0.13), there is a positive and significant effect on knowledge sharing. The results of this study indicate that knowledge sharing is influential from social and cultural variables and should be considered in policy making.https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_102587_c18e3c2aeda042c673fdc0c03be3e8d9.pdf