https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/ Sociological Review en daily 1 Tue, 07 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0430 Tue, 07 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0430 https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_87528.html In the last two decades, the world has witnessed the emergence of movements of a diverse nature. The Color Revolutions of 2000 marked the beginning of a new form of movement. In 2011 network movements have emerged, after seven-year, The yellow vest of Paris (2018) occurred with a wide range of influence in European countries, which inherited the movements of their contemporaries and had a combined nature. The present article intends to study the yellow vest movement based on the theoretical approach of Benford and Snow framing and used rhetorical method. The results were obtained by identifying the diagnostic, prescriptive, motivational frameworks of the protesters during the movement, which was realized in the light of examining the protest symbols (poems, slogans, graffiti). The role of the media in legitimizing, and delegitimizing, the movement is also mentioned, and finally, the yellow-vest protest tactics during their collective action state. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_88014.html The nature of fact in the social sciences and their relation to values has been one of the most important classical and modern controversies of the methodology of the social sciences. The present article addresses the question, "Is social fact value-laden? "If so, how is the objectivity of a valuable social fact possible?". In response to this question, the three approaches of positivity, anti-positivity and post-positivity of three competing theses are discussed.The present study argues through the content analysis of Max Weber's post-positive views, which are based on Kant's epistemology and the neo-Kantian school of Baden, that in the social sciences, first; The intervention of values in the collection, recording and construction of social fact is possible, legitimate and even necessary, and therefore, social fact is value-laden.Secondly; The value of social fact is not only detrimental to objectivity but also to the subjective condition of objectivity. In Weber's approach, the values of social actors play a " constitutive " role and the values of social researchers play a "regulating" role in constructing social fact. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_88198.html Health reform plan in iran was considered as the most important achievement of the Rouhani government until the last days of his presidency. Considering the international and internal conditions of the country in the field of health and treatment, as the main program of the 11th government in the field of internal politics, this plan was launched immediately after the government started working and was able to provide a suitable field for the government's identity. This article tries to draw this relationship at the theoretical level by adopting the conceptual framework of health and politics. The historical discourse analysis method has been used to analyze political relations in the implementation of the health reform plan. The findings show that, through the strategic framework of the current unfavorable situation, progress and development, the 11th government was able to provide the necessary discourse support for the approval and implementation of the health reform plan and create a successful impression of the implementation of the plan. But later on, he used it as a tool to legitimize the actions of the government in the field of foreign policy, to criticize the political and cultural structure in the society, to eliminate competitors and critics, and to build a positive self and build a negative other in the political field. An action that gradually caused the divergence of the discourse and the loss of necessary support for the implementation of the health reform plan and brought serious obstacles in the field of health and treatment. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_90072.html Primarily, regarding the analysis of Symbolic violence existence in Iran’s Higher Educational System via the mediatory of a hiatus called Konkoor (Concours), and due to the national catastrophic situation the correlation between Status Quo and Higher educational system has been review and studied. Then, using the symbolic violence notion in a Bouurdieusian approach, the research comes to extract a quantitative analysis of the symbolic violence and the reproduction of the status quo in relation to the dominated social agents under education of Iran’s top universities. These universities have been chosen by they international ranks and the priority order they have for the top students in the Konkoor exam. The analysis has been conducted with MCA methodology and a linear clustering method in order to define a meaningful index for the reproduced symbolic violence. The symbolic violence includes various psychological biases students have upon their university choices as variables. These variables are reaffirmed by the universities and reproduction cycle would go on. Considering such mechanism, the level of such reproduction has been examined by Likert’s scaling through surveys and the whole symbolic violence index is calculated afterwards. Finally the ranking of the universities over the index has been arranged and a comparison of each institution’s share in the symbolic violence reproduction has been arranged. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_105768.html This article seeks to examine the development of capitalist relations after the revolution in Iran by mediation of the principles of the neoliberal political order. To achieve the desired results, the production of Tehran's urban space has been studied in the three decades of 1990, 2000 and 2010. From a theoretically have been used Lefebvre's theory of government and space production as well as Gertsel's idea of political order and Lefebvre's regressive-progressive methodology has been a model of historical attitude for the genealogical study of this issue. Each of these decades have acted in a special way in the project of capitalization of the urban space and as a result of the living space of the metropolis of Tehran. An attempt has been made to obtain the rules governing this planning and production space. In the 1370s, policy-making trends returned to the same urban governance style as the comprehensive plan of the city of Tehran in 1348 (1969), and the trend of dominating exchange- value over use- value is increasing. The distinguishing feature of this decade is the introduction of free market attitude to urban policy- making. In the 80 (2000)s facilitating the circulation and stabilization of capital became the main concern through the expansion of highways and high-rise construction. All of these developments lead to the formation of new lifestyles, making life more expensive in Tehran and as a result, the need to promote new life patterns through consumption prophets, i.e. celebrities. The 1990s is the arena of celebrity. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_87529.html The structure of the society and the composition of political elites have changed significantly in Iran since the 1979 Revolution. Previous research has been less attentive to the relationship between the sociodemographic composition of the society and that of the elected members of the Iranian parliament. The current study utilizes the dataset on the occupational distribution of the general population and that of members of parliament (MPs) in ten parliamentarian cycles from 1980 to 2020. Using state-society relation approaches as well as the cultural reproduction theory, the mechanism of exchange between elites and society in post-revolution Iran are explained. This study observes strong representation of professional and managerial class, which lends partial support to liberal-pluralist theory of state-society relations. Evidence also supports a class-based approach in that the lower class is underrepresented in the parliament, and that education itself is class-based. Dissimilarity index reveals that while ethnic and recognized religious minorities are equally represented, women, Iranian lower occupational groups, and younger age groups are not fairly represented in parliament, which in turn, postulates that the revolutionary ideal of fair representation of various segments of the society, particularly socially disadvantaged groups, has not been fully realized yet in a parliamentary level. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_105917.html Research on women and social media has become a rapidly expanding field in communication and media studies in Iran and globally. In Iran, however, most existing studies have been framed within a humanist paradigm. The humanist paradigm centers the human subject and largely overlooks the relational agencies of media and technological infrastructures. In contrast, posthumanist approaches theorize phenomena as emergent effects of assemblages of human and nonhuman actors. From this perspective, femininity on social media is not a stable, pre-given, purely human category inherited from the past; rather, it is continuously produced through relational entanglements with actor-networks and material–discursive forces.The aim of this article is to advance such a theoretical orientation in order to better conceptualize the complexity and dynamics of the becoming of femininity on social platforms. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, we develop a theoretical model for posthumanist analysis of femininity in social media. The model draws on key posthumanist contributions, including Bruno Latour’s actor-network theory, Karen Barad’s agential realism, and Donna Haraway’s cyborg theory. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_105839.html It is imperative to address the issue of social support policies that aim to empower and fortify the subalterns, particularly the underprivileged and low-income groups, in Iran. The economic trends and market-oriented policies that emerged in the second decade of the Islamic Republic, coupled with subsequent events, have contributed to an alarming surge in inflation and social inequality. In this regard, our research, which forms part of a broader investigation on the evolution of the subaltern-state relationship over the past four decades, delves into the approved protective laws for the economic subaltern group, comparing them to those for other targeted groups. Our analysis reveals that the laws supporting the subalterns were predominantly enacted by the cabinet in accordance with the constitution. However, it is noteworthy that most of these laws were of an ad hoc and short-term nature, primarily taking the form of cash and non-cash payments, such as livelihood support baskets. These payments were aimed at alleviating the impact of inflationary crises on the subalterns. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_106793.html This study examines the transformation of women’s education during the Qajar period, a key process in Iran’s transition from traditional to modern education. While previous research has addressed the establishment of new schools and the role of intellectual elites, the interaction between institutional arrangements, social forces, and policymaking for women’s education has received little analytical attention. This study is therefore necessary to clarify how these interactions shaped educational policies and connected with broader institutional, cultural, and political developments of the era. Using a historical institutionalist approach and concepts such as path dependency and critical junctures, it shows that the establishment of the Anjoman-e Ma’aref and the 1906 Constitutional Amendment were pivotal moments. These junctures disrupted traditional educational monopolies, promoted public education and gender equality, and facilitated the institutionalization of women’s schooling. By breaking entrenched institutional paths, they enabled the shift from traditional to modern education for women and contributed to redefining their social position in Qajar society. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_106964.html AbstractThis research aims to provide a sociological understanding of gender identity disorder, by analyzing the lived experience and understanding the perceptions of social actors regarding this phenomenon in the city of Bojnourd. The present study was conducted using a qualitative method and a grounded theory approach. From a systematic analysis of in-depth interviews with 16 individuals with gender identity disorder and experts in this field, 101 subcategories, 20 main categories, and finally, based on selective coding, the central phenomenon was formulated in the form of "attempting to gain identity legitimacy in the dominant gender order" using the Strauss and Corbin approach. The central phenomenon influenced by causal conditions includes: "visibility of gender difference", "labeling", "gender change as a social reaction", "early rejection and internalization of the social gaze", "accumulation of social pressure and reaching a breaking point", and "medicalization of difference". And contextual conditions include: "the city as a social context shaping the experience of identity", "strict gender norms and social dualization", "kinship relations and informal networks", "linking cultural context with family experience" and "limited support resources and lack of safe spaces". And the intervening conditions include: "family", "official institutions", "administrative bureaucracy", "fear of social judgment and maintaining reputation" and "institutional stigma", which lead to consequences such as: "relative identity coherence", "persistence or transformation of social stigma" and "social exhaustion". In response to these conditions, people with gender identity disorder adopt behavioral strategies: "identity concealment," "forced adaptation," "search for meaning," and ultimately "gender change." https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_106000.html The formal education system in modern societies is not merely an institution for the transmission of knowledge; rather, it constitutes one of the most significant mechanisms for the reproduction of social order, power relations, and dominant patterns of action. In Iranian society, the memory-based, authoritarian, and grade-oriented logic of formal education has imposed structural constraints on the cultivation of critical thinking. Adopting a qualitative and critical approach, the present study examines the institutional possibilities and limitations of fostering critical thinking through the experience of implementing the “Step by Step Toward Thinking” program.The research data were collected through participant observation, classroom dialogue recordings, field notes, and interviews with children, parents, and instructors at the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults, and were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that, at the micro level of education, this program has been able to temporarily suspend the logic of banking education and create spaces for rational dialogue, inquiry, and the emergence of a critical subject. However, these changes encounter resistance and limitations when confronted with dominant institutional orders, particularly the authoritarian family structure and the formal education system.The results suggest that alternative educational programs, while capable of producing meaningful disruptions in the dominant educational order, remain fragile and unstable in their impact without simultaneous transformations in institutional structures and a critical rethinking of the roles of teachers and families. Therefore, fostering critical thinking is less an educational issue than a profoundly institutional and social one. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_106681.html One of the issues that has always been a source of controversy in family law and has led to a division of opinions is the issue of domestic violence against women, especially psychological violence. Domestic violence is one of the most important factors that endangers the health and security of the family. Sometimes this violence leads to visible physical effects, and sometimes, despite very destructive effects, it does not have an outward appearance, which is referred to as psychological and hidden violence. This type of violence causes damage to the individual's personality and the collapse of the foundations of the family. The nature of family law is such that legislation and judgment in this area cannot be made by relying solely on legal tools. In fact, governing in this area without the help of moral values and without interaction with social sciences is not only not in the best interests of the individual, family, and society, but also undoubtedly brings many corruptions. This research, using the method of logical analysis and relying on the findings of social sciences, seeks to prove this important point: Based on the special nature of family law, it is expedient to define psychological violence in law not as a crime but as an illegal act that has a guarantee of appropriate enforcement, and to explain its characteristics and examples in detail. In addition, this article also provides suggestions on determining the authority for diagnosing domestic violence and ensuring appropriate enforcement. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_106682.html One of the significant shortcomings of social sciences in our country is the lack or even absence of theories about social harms, such as divorce, poverty, marginalization, addiction, and unemployment. Social scientists are expected to be able to describe, analyze, and scientifically and efficiently explain the causes and factors that cause them in Iran, and to provide the scientific community and the country's executive managers with strategies and solutions to manage and reduce them, leading to an improvement in the country's social situation. One of the scientific methods that can lead to a deep, first-hand, and indigenous understanding of social reality is phenomenology, which many researchers have used to analyze social harms; of course, achieving this goal requires sufficient mastery of the methodological framework of phenomenology and adherence to this framework in practice. However, many of these studies suffer from methodological irregularities; in this sense, for whatever reason, they have failed to properly observe the fundamental assumptions of the interpretivist paradigm and the phenomenological method in their research. In this study, with the help of paradigmatic methodology, we seek to answer this fundamental question: What are the paradigmatic methodological indicators of the phenomenological method and how can these indicators be used to evaluate and critique research to improve and enhance its coherence and scientific validity? https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_106693.html The present study aimed to investigate the role of recommendation algorithms in reproducing cultural distinctions and class tastes in Iranian video-on-demand (VOD) platforms. This study was designed with a quantitative and qualitative approach. In the quantitative part, data from 450 active users of Iranian platforms were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using statistical methods. In the qualitative part, 25 interviews with selected users were conducted to explain cultural decision-making mechanisms and were examined using content analysis. The findings showed that although access to platforms is relatively homogeneous, the understanding of the functioning of algorithms and consumption patterns is a function of the social status and cultural capital of individuals. The results showed that at a macro level, recommendation algorithms act as cultural mediators and, while facilitating access, lead to the invisible reproduction of class and taste boundaries. Therefore, the data-driven technologies of VOD platforms are not only a means of content distribution but also an active factor in reconstructing cultural distinctions in Iran's digital society. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_105665.html Abstract Contemporary transformations in production and industrial sectors have highlighted the critical role of human relations and ethical conduct in enhancing organizational efficiency and sustainability. Among these ethical and human-oriented actions, social responsibility occupies a central position. Within this context, social capital has been recognized by researchers as a fundamental component influencing such organizational behavior. This study aims to examine the role of social capital in promoting employees’ social responsibility through a case study of manufacturing workshops in Tehran Province. Accordingly, the central research question is: How does social capital affect the emergence of responsible behavior and social commitment in industrial environments? Employing a quantitative approach and survey methodology, the study collected field data using a structured questionnaire. The statistical population included employees from various departments of industrial workshops across Tehran Province. The data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Findings indicate that components such as informal relations, mutual trust, and participatory norms play a significant role in strengthening social responsibility. Considering the dimensions of social responsibility, the economic and social domains exhibited the highest frequency of responsible actions. Regression analysis further confirmed a significant positive relationship between social capital and social responsibility at a high confidence level. The results emphasize the need to strengthen intra-organizational social capital and to reconsider human resource strategies aimed at enhancing organizational ethics. The article concludes that sustainable industrial development crucially depends on recognizing social capital as an invisible yet influential capacity within organizations. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_105767.html Ali Abdel Raziq, the famous Egyptian sheikh, was a judge and educated at Al-Azhar University. This Arab Muslim thinker, one year after the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1925, with the publication of the book "Islam and the Principles of Judgment" and citing verses from the Qur'an and hadiths, studied the relationship between religion and political power in the form of the Caliphate and Islamic government. He was the first Muslim thinker to study this subject systematically, arguing against the religious foundations of the Islamic Caliphate. In so doing, he e raised the questions of “What are the social contexts for the formation of such an idea?” and “Why does a religious scribe stand against the foundations of the political power of religion?” This study shows that the changes of Abdel Raziq's time provided the necessary socio-political context for the emergence of new knowledge about the world, including the thought of Ali Abdel Raziq. This, in connection with the socio-class status of Abdel Raziq, explains why his thought was formed which lead to the creation of the above work. And it shows that Ali Abdel Raziq and his thought should be considered as a rule in the field of social and class relations and not an exception among the jurists and scribes of Islam. This Research has been based on Weber interpretive method while using the theoretical approach and concepts of Karl Mannheim's sociology of knowledge. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_105973.html Numerous statistics and indicators illustrate that citizens' access to housing in Tehran is in a critical state. Institutional factors, especially its formal forms such as policies, laws, and regulations, play an effective role in shaping the rules governing the provision of housing and, consequently, limiting access to it. The purpose of this research is to answer the question of what role legal documents play in limiting access to housing in Tehran. The findings indicate that the themes and mechanisms that limit access to housing are found extensively and pervasively in the content of legal documents related to housing. Themes such as limited supply of residential land, scarcity of affordable housing, insecurity of tenure, privatization of public property, paving the way for speculative activities, unproductive accumulation, capitalization of housing, authoritarian planning, neutralization of the law through amendments and exceptions, and circumvention of anti-rent seeking laws. And that such restrictive themes are mainly and frequently included in documents that ultimately have more weight in the field of action, such as the master plan or the land use plan of Tehran city, It seems that the dysfunctions of institutional factors play a decisive role in preventing access to housing and its consequences such as marginalization, segregation, and polarization of the city. The method of the present research is content analysis, which, with an inductive approach, has extracted explicit and hidden themes of all legal documents related to housing from the perspective of lack of access to it. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_106772.html A brief review of some reflections on democracy and an explanation of its challenges, considering the theories of free market thinkers such as von Hayek and Milton Friedman, and examining what is displayed in the media content, is the goal pursued in this research in order to understand what reading of democracy is promoted and advertised today. According to the findings of the research, citing the theories of Hayek and Friedman, it will be shown that the establishment of democracy considered by these thinkers introduces what type of democracy that will be achieved along with economic liberalization and the implementation of neoliberal policies. Also, in the meantime, the media justify and stabilize late capitalist relations and play a role in creating a neoliberal order. Therefore, the media today play an effective role in advertising and promoting free market democracy, and in the meantime, they use human rights activists and political analysts as their actors. This article attempts to show how human rights activists, through Persian-language media abroad, are trying to implement neoliberal policies in the country by promoting pro-democracy discourse. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_106894.html Organizations are the problem solvers of everyday affairs and sometimes they are the cause of many problems for the people of contemporary societies. Not only does their progress depend on the optimal performance of public and private organizations, but many people's dissatisfactions with governments are also caused by their improper performance. In Iran's post-revolutionary society, they play a significant role in people's dissatisfaction with government, and despite the promises of the Islamic Revolution, the performance of these organizations has not satisfied people as it should. It is appropriate that internal and external variables, macro and micro variables (psychological and sociological) are all examined in a comprehensive plan regarding Iranian organizations so that a comprehensive analysis of the performance of these organizations and the causes of people's satisfaction/dissatisfaction can be obtained. Yazid Until that day, we should be satisfied with researches that pay attention to one or more variables. In this research, within the framework of the institutional approach in the sociology of organizations, leadership style in public and private organizations has been investigated. Leadership style has always been emphasized as one of the factors affecting the performance of organizations. the relationship between leadership styles and organizational performance in public and private organizations in Tehran . Negative relationship between directive leadership style and employee performance and positive correlation between explanatory participatory and delegating leadership styles and employee performance. Among these three leadership styles, delegated leadership with a higher correlation coefficient is recognized as the most desirable leadership style by employees. https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_107010.html Understanding of dark Sid of social capital and its relation with rural poverty: qualitative approach AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is Understanding of dark Sid of social capital and its relation with rural poverty in ilam. The method that used in this study is qualitative research by grounded theory approach (GT). 5 village that have sever poverty index, was selected. Our study is based on information gathered from 21 unstructured Interview and 6 focus group in seven district of Ilam town (rural poor. imam komaini institution client. By this 21 unstructured Interview and 6 focus group theoretical saturation was occurred. "poverty,Inequality and asymmetric development" was selected as central category. Casual conditions were structural social inequality institutional inefficiency and norms as obstacles of development. Some strategies are silent strategy, traditional authoritarianism. Some consequences were collapse of social capital, social dissatisfaction and sociology- economical underdevelopment and finally persistence of poverty https://jsr.ut.ac.ir/article_107134.html Child labor is a widespread problem all over the world, but the causes and the continuation of it are not the same in different countries. Despite the efforts made and measures taken, this phenomenon still continues to exist in confrontation with the policies and plans. In the same direction, and bearing in mind the existing relevant theoretical vacuum within the area of sociology, the present research attempts to study how child labor is formed in Tehran metropolitan. Therefore, the idea and problem of the study was raised and research objectives and questions were also presented. In order to provoke the theoretical sensitivity, previous research works were reviewed and relevant existing theories were put under discussion. Then after, the research methodology was introduced and, based on the interpretative paradigm, the reasons and whys of selecting the Grounded Theory were explained. Furthermore, sampling procedures, methods of gathering and analyzing the data, participants, trustworthiness, dependability, reflexivity and ethical issues were introduced one by one. The research findings emerged in three core categories. These core categories include: 1) Exploitatively Hired Child Labor, 2) Subsistence-based Child Labor, and 3) Child Labor in Family-owned Businesses. For each and every core category, a paradigm model was extracted as a form of child labor and a relevant story line was followed. In the end, the final theoretical schemata was presented and described.