A Critical Analysis of Theories of Gender Equality in Sport and the Challenges Ahead

Document Type : علمی وپزوهشی

Authors

1 Privatization: Distribution of Rent and Monopoly, Through the Divestment Football Clubs of Iran

2 Economics Department. Alzahra University.Tehran.Iran

Abstract

Inequality, power relations, capital and gender structures are some of the important impediments women’s sports face. As a result, this latter has in recent decades attracted the attention of interdisciplinary studies and feminist theories, which despite their numerous differences, suggest similar solutions. The gap between theoretical foundations of these approaches and complexities of women’s objective conditions has caused important challenges especially in countries such as Iran, where the application of suggested strategies has been challenged by structural impediments. Employing qualitative methods and document research, this paper offers a critical analysis of some of the most important theories of gender equality on sports and the challenges ahead. The analysis shows that in order to overcome impediments and reach equality, a meticulous knowledge is needed not only of theoretical foundations of suggested strategies but also of the respective social context. Only with such knowledge could one expect policies to correspond to objective social conditions and avoid implementing contradictory strategies that reinforce inequality and gender discrimination.

Keywords

References

-       تانگ، رزمری، درآمدی جامع بر نظریه‌های فمینیستی، ترجمه منیژه نجم عراقی، نشر نی، 1393، چاپ سوم.
-       بوردیو، پیر، کنش‌های ورزشی کنش‌های اجتماعی، ترجمه محمدرضا فرزاد، ارغنون، 1381
-       جواهری، آسو، موهایت پسرانه است اجازه بازی نداری: مرور تجربی بر کنترل‌های انضباطی و برساخت جنسیت در ورزش زنان ایران، پایگاه اینترنتی نقد اقتصاد سیاسی، زمستان 1399. https://pecritique.com/2021/03/08
-       عطارزاده، مجتبی، عدالت جنسیتی: مرز تعامل جنسیت و سیاست، فصلنامه شورای فرهنگی اجتماعی زنان، 1388
-       شاخص‌های عدالت جنسیتی، موضوع ماده 101 قانون برنامه ششم توسعه اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، 1396-1400» دبیرخانه ستاد ملی زن و خانواده، خرداد 1398
-       مصاحبه معصومه ابتکار معاون رییس جمهوری در امور زنان و خانواده با خبرگزاری ایرنا «عدالت جنسیتی در ورزش یک تکلیف قانونی است»، 9 بهمن 1399. https://www.irna.ir/news/84202824/
 
-       Andrews, David L. and Ben Carrington Companion to Sport, First Edition. Edited, Blackwell Publishing, 2013.
-       Arneil, Barbara. Politics & Feminism. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1999.
-       Birrell, Susan. Feminist Theories for Sport. Handbook of Sport Studies. Ed. Jay Coakley and Eric Dunning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2000. 61-76.
-       Carpenter, Linda Jean and R. Vivan Acosta. Title IX. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005.
-       Collins, P. H, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge, 2009.
-       Eisenstein, Z. Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York: Monthly Review Press:1979.
-       Hargreaves, J. Sporting Females: Critical Issues in the History and Sociology of Women’s Sports. New York: Routledge:1994.
-       Hargreaves, J.Vertinsky, P. Physical Culture, Power and the Body, Routledge, New York: 2007.
-       Hargreaves, J. Bodies matter! Images of sport and female sexualisation, in Brackenridge, C. (ed.) Body Matters: Leisure Images and Lifestyles, Eastbourne, UK: Leisure Studies Association, 1993.
-       Harris, Anita, Future Girl, Future Girl: Young Women in the 21st Century, New York, Routledge, 2004.
-       Hall, M. Ann. Feminism and Sporting Bodies: Essays on Theory and Practice. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics: 1996.
-       Hooks, Bell. Talking Back: Thinking Feminism, Thinking Black, Boston, MA: South End Press. 1989.
-       Jaggar, Alison. Feminist Politics and Human Nature. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1988.
-       Mansfield, L. Caudwell, J. Wheaton, B. Watson, B. The Palgrave Handbook of Feminism and Sport, Leisure and Physical Education. Palgrave Macmillan. London. 2018.
-       Tiffoletti, K. Jessica. T. Webb, F. New Sporting Femininities Embodied Politics in Postfeminist Times, Palgrave Macmillan. 2018.
-       Harris, A. Future Girl, Young Women In The Twenty-First Century, Routledge, New York, 2004.
-       Scraton, Sh, Flintoff. A Sport Feminism: The Contribution of Feminist Thought to our Understandings of Gender and Sport. Gender and Sport: A Reader. Ed. Sheila Scraton and Anne Flintoff. New York: Routledge, 2002: 30-46.
Sociological Review
Volume 27, Issue 2
March 2021
Pages 111-131

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics