Knowledge-based technologies and religion; A sociological study of the activities of seminaries and students in religious-Qur'anic start-ups

Document Type : علمی وپزوهشی

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,

2 Sociology Ph.D. candidate, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.22059/jsr.2023.92470

Abstract

 Commercialization of humanities is one of the shared and common goals of the institutions of politics (government), knowledge (university), and religion (theology) in Iran. Over time, this common goal, in the form of legalized knowledge-based companies was approved by the Iranian parliament and became a law by establishing entrepreneurship in universities and start-up companies. This process, which indicates the intertwining of the above-mentioned fields in the social whole, approves the exchange of legal, scientific, and religious legitimacy between them, which over time has introduced the culture as a business. Religion as well as being a part of Culture was discovered as a virgin and also an untouched market. On the other hand, religion (seminary) also identified this situation as an opportunity to conquer the market. In this research, the logic, dialectical method, and immanent criticism will help us to understand the intertwining of religion, politics, and knowledge into each other and in society as a whole through the medium of the economy in order to clarify the internal contradictions of those activities attributed to seminaries in religious start-ups;  Moreover, this research will also shed light on how these contradictions are kept buried by the ideology of the late capitalism and the process of hidden legitimation which has led to the reproduction of the existing order and market-based relations. This research is based on the fact that such economic activities of seminaries -contrary to their initial claim- according to the logic of the market, have necessarily led to the commodification, monetarization, and objectification of religious relations -which ultimately will be an antireligious actor. It also indicates that the nature of such economic activities in the field of religion -which is intertwined with the free market-based system- leads people to identify religious matters as economic-financial ones, and cannot understand the contradiction existing in the economic-religious relation in its social whole. It seems that this in return leads to a change in people’s mentality which leads to its legitimization, the charismaticization of entrepreneurship, and the commodification of religious relations. On the other hand, it causes a change in social relations, creating the arrival of new institutional arrangements and the religion of the free market, which dissolves many forms of resistance, egalitarian and libertarian struggles in their pre-formation stage, or suppresses it by representing it as an antireligious act. In the end, the combination of the free market-based and religious worldviews comes with an internal contradiction that makes its sublimation impossible as well as resolving it.

Keywords

References

اباذری،یوسف (1399).بنیادگرایی بازار.تهران،انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
آدرنو، تئودور (1393).جامعه شناسی و پژوهش تجربی؛ جامعه شناسی انتقادی ، ترجمة حسن چاوشیان.تهران،انتشارات کتاب آمه.
آدورنو،تئودور (1393). انتقاد فرهنگی از جامعه؛جامعه شناسی انتقادی، ترجمه حسن چاوشیان.تهران،انتشارات کتاب آمه.
آدورنو،تئودور.هورکهایمر،ماکس (1384).دیالکتیک روشنگری،ترجمه مراد فرهادپور، امید مهرگان،تهران،انتشارات گام نو.
چانگ،ها-جون (1392).بیست و سه گفتار دربارۀ سرمایه داری؛پیرامون نکاتی که آنها بروز نمی­دهند.ترجمۀ ناصر زرافشان.تهران، انتشارات مهرویستا.
خائفی،منصوره (1399).نئولیبرالیسم،صنعت و فناوری،شرکت­های استارت­آپی.تهران،انتشارات آگاه.
دورکیم،امیل (1393).درس­های جامعه­شناسی؛فیزیک اخلاقیات و حقوق،ترجمۀ سید جمال الدین موسوی.تهران،نشر نی.
لوفور،هانری (1396).بقای سرمایه­داری،ترجمه آیدین ترکمه،تهران،انتشارات تیسا.
لوفور،هانری (1396).ماتریالیسم دیالکتیکی،ترجمه آیدین ترکمه،تهران،انتشارات تیسا.
مارکس،کارل (1399).دست­نوشته­های اقتصادی و فلسفی1844،ترجمه حسن مرتضوی،تهران،انتشارات آشیان.
ویلسون،راس (1400).تئودور آدورنو،ترجمه پویا ایمانی،تهران،انتشارات مرکز.
هاروی،دیوید (1394).هفده تناقض و پایان سرمایه­داری،ترجمه خسرو کلانتری،مجید امینی،تهران،انتشارات کلاغ.
Armstrong, P. (2005). Critique of entrepreneurship: People and policy. Springer.
Bartel, R. C. (2021). Financializing the soul: Christian microfinance and economic missionization in Colombia. Critical Research on Religion, 9(1), 31–47.
 Bartunek, J. M., & Do, B. (2011). The sacralization of Christmas commerce. Organization, 18(6), 795–806.
  Calder, R. (2020). Halalization: Religious Product Certification in Secular Markets. Sociological Theory, 38(4), 334-361
  Jones, C., & Murtola, A.-M. (2012). Entrepreneurship and expropriation. Organization, 19(5), 635–655.
Rudnyckyj, Daromir. (2009). Spiritual Economies: Islam and Neoliberalism in Contemporary Indonesia. Cultural Anthropology. 24. 104 - 141.
Rudnyckyj, Daromir. (2010). Spiritual Economies: Islam, Globalization, and the Afterlife of Development, Cornell University Press.
Singh, Devin (2018). Divine Currency, The Theological Power of Money in the West, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
 
https://www.jameehmodarresin.org/ جامعه مدرسین حوزه علمیه قم
https://ismc.ir/ مرکز مدیرت حوزه های علمیه
https://www.hawzahnews.com/ خبر گزاری رسمی حوزه
http://shabestan.ir/  خبرگزاری شبستان. رسانه حوزه دین، فرهنگ و اندیشه
http://quranati.ir/main/ مرکز رشد واحدهای فناور هنرهای قرآنی
https://iqna.ir/ خبرگزاری بین المللی قرآن
https://www.jz.ac.ir/ جامعه الزهرا. حوزه علمیه خواهران قم
https://fa.wikishia.net/ ویکی شیعه
http://ircreative.isti.ir/ معاونت علمی و فناوری ریاست جمهوری
http://www.qomstp.ir/ پارک علم و فن آوری استان قم
https://ent.ut.ac.ir/ دانشکده کار آفرینی دانشگاه تهران
https://arshiyan.com/ گروه بین­المللی عرشیان
https://masirtalabe.ir/ مسیر طلبه
https://baresh.masirtalabe.ir/ سامانه بارش
https://emam8.com/ امام هشت
http://atshanmadahi.rozblog.com/  عطشان
http://sabzghamat.ir/ سبز قامت
https://www.tasnimnews.com/ خبرگزاری تسنیم
https://www.sena.ir/  پایگاه خبری بازار رسانه ایران
https://www.mashreghnews.ir/ مشرق نیوز
https://khabarban.com/  خبربان
http://nooridea.blog.ir/   موسسه مبلغ جوان
http://nopana.ir/  ویسایت علمی تحلیلی کسب و کارهای پویا
https://ecomotive.ir/   اکوموتیو. اخبار استارتاپی
https://shanbemag.com/about-us/ وبگاه هفته نامه شنبه
pooldarsho.ir/ پولدار شو
https://www.polsazi.com/biography-arshianfar/ پولسازی
https://review42.com/
in Persian
Abazari, Yusef (2019). Market fundamentalism. Tehran, Tehran University Press.
Adorno, Theodor (2014). Sociology and experimental research; Critical Sociology, translated by Hassan Chavoshian. Tehran, Ameh Kitab Publications.
Adorno, Theodore (2013). Cultural criticism of society; critical sociology, translated by Hassan Chavoshian. Tehran, Ameh Books Publishing House.
Adorno, Theodore. Horkheimer, Max (2005). Dialectic of Enlightenment, translated by Murad Farhadpour, Omid Mehrgan, Tehran, Gam Nu Publications.
Chang, Ha-Jun (2012). Twenty-three speeches about capitalism; about the points they do not reveal. Translated by Nasser Zarafshan. Tehran, Mehr vista Publications.
Durkheim, Emile (2013). Lessons in sociology; physics, ethics and law, translated by Seyyed Jamaluddin Mousavi. Tehran, Nash.
Harvey, David (2014). Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism, translated by Khosrow Kalantari, Majid Amini, Tehran, Kalagh Publications.
Khaefi, Mansoure (2019). Neoliberalism, industry and technology, start-up companies. Tehran, Agah Publications.
Lefebvre, Henry (2016). Dialectical materialism, translated by Aydin Turkmeh, Tehran, Tisa Publications.
Lefebvre, Henry (2016). Survival of Capitalism, translated by Aydin Turkmeh, Tehran, Tisa Publications.
Marx, Karl (2020). Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, translated by Hassan Mortazavi, Tehran, Ashian Publications.
Wilson, Ross (2021). Theodore Adorno, translated by Pouya Imani, Tehran, Center Publications.
Sociological Review
Volume 29, Issue 2
March 2023
Pages 257-278

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics