قاچاق مهاجر به مثابۀ تجارت: کندوکاو فرایند قاچاق مهاجران اقتصادی از افغانستان به ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی وپزوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه جمعیت شناسی دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشیار جمعیت‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران و محقق مؤسسه مطالعات و مدیریت جامع و تخصصی جمعیت کشور

چکیده

قاچاق مهاجر یکی از پدیده‌هایی است که طی دهه‌های گذشته توجه بسیاری از سیاست­گذاران و محققان را به خود جلب کرده است. با این حال، به دلیل محدودیت‌های روش‌شناختی و ماهیت غیرقانونی این پدیده نه تنها سنجش آن در بسیاری از موارد ناممکن است، بلکه تلاش‌های نظری برای تبیین آن نیز دشوار است. روش تحقیق مقاله حاضر کیفی بوده و داده‌های مورد نیاز از طریق مصاحبۀ عمیق با 22 فرد قاچاقچی/ قاچاق­بر فعال در خاک افغانستان و همچنین مصاحبۀ با 44 مهاجر اقتصادی قاچاق‌شده به ایران در دو ولایت نیمروز و هرات گردآوری شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد فرایند قاچاق مهاجران به ایران در سه مرحله انجام می­گیرد؛ در مرحلۀ نخست، وظیفۀ اصلی قاچاق­بران یافتن مشتری و سازمان­دهی شرایط و وسایل سفر می‌باشد. همچنین، مهاجران معمولاً به دو شیوه قاچاق­بران خود را پیدا می‌کنند: از طریق شبکه‌های فامیلی و دوستی یا رفتن به شهر زرنج که نقطۀ شروع مهاجرت‌های نامتعارف از افغانستان به سوی ایران است. در مرحلۀ بعد، که مسیر مهاجرتی است، شبکه‌های قاچاق از شهر زرنج مهاجران را به سوی مرز پاکستان می‌برند و با عبور از مناطق تحت کنترل طالبان و ملیشا (شبه‌نظامیان غیردولتی) داخل خاک پاکستان می‌شوند و از آنجا با کمک شبکه‌های محلّی از مرز ایران گذشته و به استان سیستان و بلوچستان وارد می­شوند. پس از رسیدن به شهرهای مقصد در داخل ایران، تماس قاچاق­بران با مهاجران قطع شده و ادغام آنها در جامعۀ مقصد توسط شبکه‌های فامیلی و دوستی‌ مهاجران شکل می‌گیرد. در نتیجه­گیری از مقاله می­توان گفت که قاچاق مهاجر از افغانستان به ایران فرایندی سودآور، چند مرحله­ای و پیچیده است که در سطوح مختلف و با بازیگرانی گوناگون شکل می­گیرد. بعلاو، در فرهنگ و جامعه افغانستان، مهاجرت غیرقانونی نوعی استراتژی بقاء بوده و در فرایند تحقق آن قاچاق­بر نه تنها مجرم نبوده، بلکه به­عنوان عامل نجات­دهنده، از تصویر اجتماعی مثبت و منزلت اجتماعی برخوردارند.  

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Migrant Smuggling as ‘Business’: Exploration the Process of Smuggling of Economic Migrants from Afghanistan to Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abdullah Mohammadi 1
  • rasol sadeghi 2
1 Dep. of Demography, UT
2 -
چکیده [English]

Migrant smuggling is one of the phenomena that has attracted the attention of many governments, policymakers and scholars over the past decades. However, due to the methodological limitations and the illegal nature of this phenomenon, it is not only difficult to measure its international dimension in many cases, but theoretical attempts to explain it have faced many challenges. The current study uses a qualitative research methodology and in-depth interviews with 22 smugglers active in Afghanistan, as well as 44 deep interviews with smugglers smuggled to Iran (subsequently deported to Afghanistan) in two provinces of Nimruz and Herat. The results showed that smuggling of migrants is a multi-stage and complex process. In the first stage, the main task of smugglers is to find customers and organize logistics and preparations for the journey. Migrants usually find smugglers themselves in two ways: through family and friends or going directly to Zaranj, which is the starting point for irregular migrations from Afghanistan to Iran. In the next step, which is the migration route, the smuggling networks take the migrants from Zaranj city the Pakistan border, crossing the Taliban or militia controlled areas, into the Pakistan territory, and from there, with the help of local networks, they cross the border and enter Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran territory. After reaching destination cities inside Iran, the smugglers' contact with the migrants is cut off and the task of integrating them into the host community is placed on family, friends and cultural-ethnic networks. In conclusion, smuggling from Afghanistan to Iran is a commercial, multistages and compex process that is forme by different actors in various levels. In addition, in Afghan culture and society, irregular migratiin is s survival strategy, and the smuggler is not only a criminal, but also as a life- saver, have a positive societal image and social prestige.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Migrant smuggling
  • Smugglers
  • Migrant smuggling networks
  • Business approach
  • Afghanistan
-      صادقی، رسول و محمدجلال عباسی­شوازی (1395). بازگشت یا ماندن جوانان افغانستانی در ایران: دلایل و تعیین­کننده‏ها، دوفصلنامه ایرانی مطالعات جمعیتی، شماره 3، صص 150-119.
-      عباسی­شوازی، محمدجلال، رسول صادقی و عبداله محمدی (1395). ماندن یا مهاجرت دوباره مهاجران بازگشته از ایران به کشورشان و عوامل تعیین‌کنندۀ آن، نامه جمعیت­شناسی ایران، دوره 11، شماره 21 ، صص 40-9.
-      محمودیان، حسین (1386).مهاجرت افغان­ها به ایران: تغییر در ویژگی­های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و جمعیتی و انطباق با جامعۀ مقصد، نامه انجمن جمعیت شناسی ایران، شماره 4، صص 42 ـ 69.
-      Abbasi-shavazi, M. J., and R. Sadeghi., (2015). Socio-cultural Adaptation of Second-generation Afghans in Iran, International Migration 53(6): 89-110.
-      Antonopoulos, G. A. and J. Winterdyk (2006): The Smuggling of Migrants in Greece: An Examination of its Social Organization. European Journal of Criminology, 3(4): 439-461.
-      Aronowitz, A. A. (2001 ). Smuggling and trafficking in human beings: The phenomenon, the mar­kets that drive it and the organisations that promote it. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 9, 163-195.
-      Baird, Th. (2013): Theoretical Approaches to Human Smuggling. DIIS Working Paper, 2013:10.
-      Bhabha, J. (2005). Human smuggling, migration and human rights. The International Council on Human Rights Policy. Working Paper, 25-26 July 2005.
-      Bilecen, Basak (2009): Human Smuggling Networks Operating Between Middle East and the European Union: Evidence from Iranian, Iraqi and Afghani Migrants in the Netherlands, Working paper, Center on Migration, Citizenship and Development (62), University of Bielefeld.
-      Bilger, V., Hofmann, M., & Jandl, M. (2006). Human smuggling as a transnational service indus­try: Evidence from Austria. International Migration, 44(4), 59-93.
-      Brolan, C. (2002): An analysis of the human smuggling trade and the Protocol Against the Smug­gling of Migrants by Land, Air and Sea (2000) from a refugee protection perspective. Interna­tional Journal of Refugee Law, 14(4).
-      Donato, K. M., Gabaccia, D., Holdaway, J., Manalansan, M., and P. R. Pessar (2006): A glass half full? Gender in migration studies. International Migration Review, 40(1):3-26.
-      Espenshade, T. J. (1995a): Unauthroized immigration to the United States. Annual Review of Soci­ology, 21, 195-216.
-      Espenshade, T. J. (1995b): Using INS border apprehension data to measure the flow of undocu­mented migrants crossing the U.S.-Mexico frontier. International Migration Review, 29, 545– 565.
-      Gallagher, A. (2001): Human rights and the new UN protocols on trafficking and migrant smug­gling: A preliminary analysis. Human Rights Quarterly, 23(4), 975-1004.
-      Gallagher, A. (2002): “Trafficking, Smuggling and Human Rights: Tricks and Treaties”. Forced Migration Review, vol. 12.
-      Herman, E. (2006): Migration as a family Business: The role of personal networks in the mobility phase of migration. International Migration,44(4): 191-230.
-      Hugo, Graeme, Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, and Rasoul Sadeghi, (2012). Refugee Movement and Development; Afghan Refugee in Iran, Migration and Development, 1(2): 261-279.
-      Icduygu, A. and S. Toktas (2002): How Do Smuggling and Trafficking Operate via Irregular Border Crossings in the Middle East? International Migration, Vol. 40(6): 25-54.
-      International Organization for Migration (2002): Irregular Migration and Smuggling of Migrants from Armenia, International Organization for Migration.
-      Koser, K. (2008): Why migrant smuggling pays. International Migration, 46:3-26.
-      Kyle, D. and R. Koslowski (2001): Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
-      Kyle, D., & Liang, Z. (2001). Migration Merchants: Human Smuggling from Ecuador and China. University of California, San Diego: The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies.
-      Majidi, N. and R. Danziger (2016): Afghanistan. In: Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A Global Review of the Emerging Evidence, International Organization for Migration, pp. 161-186.
-      Mandic, Danilo (2017): 'Trafficking and Syrian Refugee Smuggling: Evidence from the Balkan Route', Social Inclusion 5, no. 2, pp. 28-38.
-      Massey, D., & Singer, A. (1995). New estimates of undocumented Mexican migration and the probability of apprehension. Demography, 32(2), 203-213.
-      Mohammadi, A., M. J. Abbasi-Shavazi, and R. Sadeghi (2018): Return to home: Reintegration and sustainability of return to post-conflict contexts. In: Demography of Refugees and Forced Migration (G. Hugo, M. J. Abbasi-Shavazi and E. P. Kraly), Springer, pp. 251-270.
-      Mohammadi, Abdullah, Ruta Nimkar, and Emily Savage (2019): We are the ones they come to when nobody can halp: Afghan Smugglers’ Perception of Themselves and Their Communities. Migration Research Series, International Organization for Migration (IOM).
-      Morrison, J., & Crosland, B. (2001). The trafficking and smuggling of refugees: The end game in European asylum policy? New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper No. 39, April 2001. UNHCR.
-      Peixoto, J. (2009). New migrations in Portugal: Labour markets, smuggling and gender segmenta­tion. International Migration, 47(3), 185-210.
-      Salt, J. (2000): Trafficking and human smuggling: A European perspective. International Migra­tion, 38(3), 31-56.
-      Salt, J. and J. Stein (1997): Migration as a Business: The Case of Trafficking. International Migration, 35(4): 467-494.
-      Schrover, M., Van der Leun, J., Lucassen, L., & Quispel, C. (Eds.). (2008). Illegal Migration and Gender in a Global and Historical Perspective. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
-      United Nations (2000a): Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime.
-      United Nations (2000b) Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime.
-      Van Liempt, I. (2007): Navigating Borders: Inside Perspectives on the Process of Human Smuggling into the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
-      Vayrynen, R. (2003): Illegal immigration, Human trafficking, and Organized crime, WIDER Discussion Papers, World Institute for Development Economics (UNU-WIDER), No.2003/72.
-      Vogel, D., Kovacheva, V., & Prescott, H. (2011). The size of the irregular migrant population in the European Union - Counting the uncountable? International Migration, 49(5), 78-96.
-      Zhang, S. X. (2008). Chinese Human Smuggling Organizations: Families, Social Networks, and Cul­tural Imperatives. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
-      Zhang, S. X., Chin, K. L., & Miller, J. (2007). Women’s participation in Chinese transnational human smuggling: A gendered market perspective. Criminology, 45(3), 699-733.