نوع مقاله : علمی وپزوهشی
نویسنده
گروه توسعه و سیاستگذاری اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]
Iran’s 1979 revolution caused some changes in the class structure of society and led to a kind of class mobility. After the revolution, the relationship between the government and social classes formed differently based on the level of adherence of each class to the agreed values of the government. Moreover, freedom and justice-seeking slogans during the revolutionary process were a reflection of the democratic and development demands of the new middle class. Now, considering the reformistic and democratic desires of the new middle class and its role in the process of revolution, we encounter a question what changes has Iran post-revolution’s middle class experienced in terms of size, demands, and interaction with the government?
This article, which has been done by documentary analysis, has used two different sets of data: the economic data (consumption expenditure per capita) has been obtained from the Brookings Institute. The second type of data, including the rate of university education and white-collar workers (employment), has been obtained from Iran’s statistical yearbooks and the results of the population and housing censuses for different years in Iran.
The findings show that the size of the new middle class has increased which is an outcome of the renovation of the war-torn country, the reforms pursued by the Hashemi Rafsanjani and Khatami states and expanding of education across the country. This new middle class has tried to pursue its demands which have been ignored by the government. This contradiction has created some challenges in the relationship between the government and the new middle class.
کلیدواژهها [English]
Atkinson, A. & Brandolini, A. (2013). On the Identification of the Middle Class. In Income inequality: Economic disparities and the middle class in affluent countries. Edited by J. C. Gornick & M. Jantti. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. 77–100.
Avraamova, E. M. & Maleva, T.M. (2015). The Evolution of the Middle Class: Missions and Methodology. Sociological Research. 54:5, 307-325. DOI:10.1080/10610154.2015.1148473.
Banerjee, A. & Duflo E. (2008). What is Middle Class About the Middle Classes Around the World? Journal of Economic Perspectives 22(2), 3–28.
Bhalla, S. (2010) The Middle Class Kingdoms of India and China. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics. 2010, forthcoming.
Bill, J., A. (1972). The Politics of Iran: Groups, Classes, and Modernization. Translated by Ali Morshedizadeh. Columbus; Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co. [in Persian]
Birdsall, N., Graham, C. & Pettinato, S. (2000). Stuck in Tunnel: Is Globalization Muddling the Middle Class? Brookings Institution Center Working Paper. No. 14, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=277162 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.277162
Cavusgil, T. (2013). Middle Class Phenomenon in Emerging Markets: Multi-Disciplinary and Multi-Country Perspectives. First Middle Class Phenomenon in Emerging Markets Conference Presentation.
Chen, J.& Lu, C. (2011). Democratization and the Middle Class in China: The Middle Class’s Attitudes toward Democracy. Political Research Quarterly. 64 (3), 705-719.
Dickson, B. (2003). Red Capitalist in China: The party, private entrepreneurs, and prospects for political change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Easterly, W. (2001). The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development. Journal of Economic Growth. Vol. 6, 317-335.
Eisenhauer, J. (2008). An Economic Definition of the Middle Class, Forum for Social Economics, 37:2. 103-113.
Economic World Newspaper (2011). Five Decades Economic Growth in Iran. Available at: https://donya-e-eqtesad.com [in Persian]
Fouzi, Y. & Ramezani, M. (2009). The New Middle Class and its Effects on Political changes in Post-Revolution Iran. Journal of Islamic Revolution Studies. 5 (17), 11-27. [in Persian]
Fukuyama, F. (2013). The middle class revolution. Available at:
hhttp://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323873904578571472700348086i.
Glassman, R. M. (1995). The Middle Class and Democracy in Socio-Historical Perspective. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.
Glassman, R. M. (1997). The New Middle Class and Democracy in Global Perspective. New York: St. Martin’s; London: Macmillan.
Hattori, T., Funatsu, T. & Torii. T. (2003). Introduction: The Emergence of the Asian Middle Classes and Their Characteristics. Developing Economies. 41, 129-39.
https://www.brookings.edu/interactives/development-aid-and-governance-indicators-dagi/
Kharas, H. (2010). The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries, OECD Development Center. Working Paper. No. 258.
Kharas, H. & Gertz, G. (2010). The New Global Middle Class: A Cross-Over from West to East, Draft Version of Chapter 2 in China’s Emerging Middle Class: Beyond Economic Transformation. Edited by Cheng Li. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Lane, R. E. (1959). Political life: Why People Get Involved in Politics. Glencoe. IL: Free Press.
Levy, F. (2002). Distribution of income. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, available at: http:// www.econlib.org/library/Enc/DistributionofIncome.html
Li, H. (2006). Emergence of the Chinese Middle Class and Its Implications. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 33(2), 67-83.
Lockwood, D. (1958). The Black-coated Worker: A Study in Class Consciousness. London, George Allen and Unwin.
Makhkamova, S. (2015). The Formation of the Middle Class Is the Basis of Social Stability in Society, Sociological Research, 54(5), 326-335.
Mărginean, I. (2015). Estimation of Middle Class Size in Romania. 2nd International Conference ‘Economic Scientific Research-Theoretical, Empirical and Practical Approaches’, ESPERA 2014, 13-14 November. Bucharest: Procedia Economics and Finance 22, 787-793.
Mills, C. W. (1953). White Collar: The American Middle Classes. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pressman, S. (2007). The Decline of the Middle Class: An International Perspective. Journal of Economic Issues 41(1), 181–200.
Rasch, R. (2015). Measuring the Middle Class in Middle-Income Countries. Forum for Social Economics, DOI: 10.1080/07360932.2015.1044258.
Saeidi. A. A. (2001). Charismatic Political Authority and Populist Economics in Post- Revolutionary Iran. Third World Quarterly. 22(2), 219-136.
Statistical Center of Iran. Census Reports for Different Years. available at:
https://www.amar.org.ir//خانه/آرشیو-تازههای-نشرagentType/ViewType/PropertyTypeID/1735 [in Persian]
Statistical Center of Iran. Statistical Yearbooks for Different Years. Available at: https://www.amar.org.ir/ سرشماری-عمومی-نفوس-و-مسکن/نتایج-سرشماری [in Persian]
Uner, M. M. & Gungordu, A. (2016). The New Middle Class in Turkey: A Qualitative Study in a Dynamic Economy. International Business Review 25, 668-678.
Visagie, J. & Dorrit P. (2013). A Reconsideration of What and Who is Middle Class in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 30 (2), 149-167. DOI:10.1080/0376835X.2013.797224.
Visagie, J. (2015). Growth of the Middle Class: Two Perspectives that Matter for Policy, Development Southern Africa. 32 (1), 3-24. DOI: 10.1080/0376835X.2014.965387.
Wacquant, L. J.D. (1991). Making Class: The Middle Class(es) in Social Theory and Social Structure. In Bringing Class back in; Contemporary and Historical Perspective. Edited by Scott G. McNall, R., Levine, F., Rick, F. Colorado; Westview Press.
World Bank Household Survey Data for Developing Countries. accessed in:
http://go.worldbank.org/NT2A1XUWP0
Zandy, J. (1996). Decloaking Class: Why Class Identity and Consciousness Count. Race, Gender & Class 4, 7–23.
', './data/jsr/coversheet/cover_fa.jpg'))